Как запустить терминал в linux

To save on typing, you can substitute ‘

Note that if you are using mv with sudo you can use the

shortcut, because the terminal expands the

to your home directory. However, when you open a root shell with sudo -i or sudo -s,

Here is an example of when it would be necessary to execute a command with administrative privileges. Let’s suppose that another user has accidentally moved one of your documents from your Documents directory to the root directory. Normally, to move the document back, you would type mv /mydoc.odt

/Documents/mydoc.odt, but by default you are not allowed to modify files outside your home directory. To get around this, you would type sudo mv /mydoc.odt

/Documents/mydoc.odt. This will successfully move the document back to its correct location, provided that you have administrative privileges.

Running a File Within a Directory

So you’ve decided to run a file using the command-line? Well. there’s a command for that too!

./filename.extension

After navigating to the file’s directory, this command will enable any Ubuntu user to run files compiled via GCC or any other programming language. Although the example above indicates a file name extension, please notice that, differently from some other operating systems, Ubuntu (and other Linux-based systems) do not care about file extensions (they can be anything, or nothing). Keep in mind that the ‘extension’ will vary depending upon the language the source code is written in. Also, it is not possible, for compiled languages (like C and C++) to run the source code directly — the file must be compiled first, which means it will be translated from a human-readable programming language to something the computer can understand. Some possible extensions: ".c" for C source, ".cpp" for C++, ".rb" for Ruby, ".py" for Python, etc. Also, remember that (in the case of interpreted languages like Ruby & Python) you must have a version of that language installed on Ubuntu before trying to run files written with it.

Finally, the file will only be executed if the file permissions are correct — please see the FilePermissions help page for details.

System Information Commands

df: The df command displays filesystem disk space usage for all mounted partitions. "df -h" is probably the most useful — it uses megabytes (M) and gigabytes (G) instead of blocks to report. (-h means "human-readable")

du: The du command displays the disk usage for a directory. It can either display the space used for all subdirectories or the total for the directory you run it on. Example:

In the above example -s means "Summary" and -h means "Human Readable".

free: The free command displays the amount of free and used memory in the system. "free -m" will give the information using megabytes, which is probably most useful for current computers.

top: The top (‘table of processes’) command displays information on your Linux system, running processes and system resources, including CPU, RAM & swap usage and total number of tasks being run. To exit top, press "q".

uname -a: The uname command with the -a option prints all system information, including machine name, kernel name & version, and a few other details. Most useful for checking which kernel you’re using.

lsb_release -a: The lsb_release command with the -a option prints version information for the Linux release you’re running, for example:

ip addr reports on your system’s network interfaces.

Adding A New User

The "adduser newuser" command will create a new general user called "newuser" on your system, and to assign a password for the newuser account use "passwd newuser".

Options

The default behaviour for a command may usually be modified by adding a —option to the command. The ls command for example has an -s option so that "ls -s" will include file sizes in the listing. There is also a -h option to get those sizes in a "human readable" format.

Options can be grouped in clusters so "ls -sh" is exactly the same command as "ls -s -h". Most options have a long version, prefixed with two dashes instead of one, so even "ls —size —human-readable" is the same command.

"Man" and getting help

man command, info command and command —help are the most important tools at the command line.

Nearly every command and application in Linux will have a man (manual) file, so finding them is as simple as typing "man "command"" to bring up a longer manual entry for the specified command. For example, "man mv" will bring up the mv (move) manual.

Move up and down the man file with the arrow keys, and quit back to the command prompt with "q".

"man man" will bring up the manual entry for the man command, which is a good place to start!

"man intro" is especially useful — it displays the "Introduction to user commands" which is a well-written, fairly brief introduction to the Linux command line.

There are also info pages, which are generally more in-depth than man pages. Try "info info" for the introduction to info pages.

Some software developers prefer info to man (for instance, GNU developers), so if you find a very widely used command or app that doesn’t have a man page, it’s worth checking for an info page.

Virtually all commands understand the -h (or —help) option which will produce a short usage description of the command and it’s options, then exit back to the command prompt. Try "man -h" or "man —help" to see this in action.

Caveat: It’s possible (but rare) that a program doesn’t understand the -h option to mean help. For this reason, check for a man or info page first, and try the long option —help before -h.

Searching the manual pages

If you aren’t sure which command or application you need to use, you can try searching the manual pages. Each manual page has a name and a short description.

To search the names for <string> enter:

For example, whatis -r cpy will list manual pages whose names contain cpy. The output from whatis -r cpy will in part depend on your system — but might be as follows:

To search the names or descriptions for <string> enter:

For example, apropos -r "copy files" will list manual pages whose names or descriptions contain copy files. The output from apropos -r "copy files" will in part depend on your system — but might be as follows:

Other Useful Things

Prettier Manual Pages

Users who have Konqueror installed will be pleased to find they can read and search man pages in a web browser context, prettified with their chosen desktop fonts and a little colour, by visiting man:/command in Konqueror’s address bar. Some people might find this lightens the load if there’s lots of documentation to read/search.

Pasting in commands

Often, you will be referred to instructions that require commands to be pasted into the terminal. You might be wondering why the text you’ve copied from a web page using Ctrl + C won’t paste in with ctrl+V. Surely you don’t have to type in all those nasty commands and filenames? Relax. ctrl+shift+V pastes into a GNOME terminal; you can also do middle button click on your mouse (both buttons simultaneously on a two-button mouse) or right click and select Paste from the menu. However, if you want to avoid the mouse and yet paste it, use "Shift + Insert", to paste the command. If you have to copy it from another terminal / webpage, you can use "Ctrl + Insert" to copy.

Learn Terminal

Now Graphical User Interface (GUI) has become an integral part of today’s operating system. This is the interface we mostly interact with to operate computers. Before there was GUIS, there were terminals. You can imagine today’s Command Line Interface (CLI) with terminals. You may not see a computer working only with a terminal today. However, they’re still around. The terminal is still considered a good companion for system administrators, developers, cyber security professionals, and students. Terminals are heavenly being used in writing and compelling programs & source codes, troubleshooting issues, and setting up system configurations even today. It’s still considered the most powerful interface to operate computers. This is not just the end. Terminal carries several advantages over GUI. It’s fast, flexible, powerful, robust, lightweight, and good for remote logins. Isn’t these points enough to learn terminal?

A computer terminal is a bridge between the computer and humans. The terminal’ is an interface that connects humans with a computer. According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, a computer terminal is defined as “a combination of a keyboard and output device (such as a video display unit) by which data can be entered into or received from a computer or electronic communications system”.

Table of Contents

What Is A Linux Terminal?

Humans and computers are two different entities, and the communication between them happens through peripheral input and output devices like keyboards, mice, joysticks, monitors, and speakers.

In the world of Linux, the input devices are called terminals, and the computer is called a host (CPU, RAM, and HDD). These are virtual terminals that allow us to connect with the operating system. When a command is typed in the terminal, it is the shell that carries the command to the OS and processes the task. Every Linux distribution has a shell program bash (Bourne es Again Shel). In simple words, the shell interprets the user commands.

An emulator terminal is a program that allows the terminal to be used in a graphical format. Because most people need an OS with a GUI to satisfy their daily device needs, most Linux system users will use a Terminal Emulator. All the commands are typed in the terminal emulator that is executed through bash.

Every OS has Terminal emulators. For Windows, there is PuTTY for Mac OS X there is terminal (default) & iTerm 2. Similarly, in the case of Linux, we have a terminal.

Linux is a type of UNIX descendant. Linux’s main components are built to be like a UNIX system, and most old shells and text-based programs run very well on them. For example, one of these old 1970s tools might also be hooked into and used by a new Linux computer. But now, a device terminal is even more common — the same old UNIX style text GUI, which runs in a browser next to your modern GUI programs.

How To Open A Terminal?

In the Gnome desktop environment, you can open the terminal in the search tab. You can also assign a keyboard shortcut in the keyboard shortcut app. You can add new tabs to your terminal window from File -> New terminal. You can switch between the tabs using the shortcut click ‘ctrl + alt +t’ or ‘Alt + [number of the tab]’.

Important keyboard shortkeys to operate the terminal:

1. Open terminal: Ctrl + Alt + T
2. New tab: Ctrl + Shift + T
3. Close tab: Ctrl + Shift + W
4. Switch tab: Ctrl + Pg Up and Ctrl + Pg Dn
5. Move tab: Ctrl + Shift + Pg Up and Ctrl + Shift + Pg Dn

Few Examples of Commands To Try.

Here are a few examples of commands you can try in the terminal.

1. pwd- Print Work Directory allows the user to keep track of the directory they are working on to avoid being lost.
2. ls -This command gives you the contents of a particular directory.
3. cd- Change Directory enables the movement from one directory to another.
4. mkdir — Makea new folder with this command.
5. rmdir -This allows you to delete a folder anywhere in the system.
6. Date — Display current date date
7. time — Display current time
8. cal — Display current month calendar
9. df — space left in your disk
10. free — free up memory space

How To Close A Terminal?

Even if you do not run the terminal, there will be virtual consoles working in the background. One can switch between these virtual consoles using Ctrl-Alt-Fl through ‘Ctrl-Alt-F6. For ending the console, you can either close the terminal window or type:

Before you exit, do not forget about the configuring of hidden folders The hidden folders are nothing but a filename beginning with’. dot.

Reading Command Prompt

The message of the day (MOTD) can be customized by the user; this MOTD is nothing but a piece of information about the version of the Linux distribution.

• tommy@webapp:-$

Here’s what each part means

• Tommy — username
• Webapp- hostname
• – — current directory
• $- the prompt symbol
• Ifa command is in the root, it will look like

1. root@webapp:/var/log#

Without GUI

The experience is not entirely bitter for a person working without a GUI. GUIs take up more space and thus add more work for your processor. So if you are running large programs, you can try a terminal option that works fast on weaker machines as well. Command in line is much lighter and thus increases the speed of the computer. It is possible to web browse without GUL. Similarly, there are other possibilities like word processing, presentation, instant messaging, email, music, spreadsheet, and file management without GUI. It is entirely possible to live without the GUI feature.

For example, cmus is the music player in the command line. You can also stream videos in the terminals.

We are closing this post with some information that would help to learn the terminal. We have covered what the Linux terminal is, how to operate the terminal in Linux, and other basic topics about the terminal.

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Способы запуска «Терминала» в Linux

Консоль — основной инструмент дистрибутивов, основанных на ядре Linux. Через него пользователи выполняют множество полезных команд, которые позволяют взаимодействовать с операционной системой. Большинство юзеров придерживается одной методики запуска «Терминала», хотя на самом деле вариаций гораздо больше. Мы предлагаем ознакомиться со всеми доступными вариантами осуществления поставленной задачи, чтобы вы смогли найти оптимальный для себя или хотя бы узнали о наличии альтернативных способов, которые могут когда-то пригодиться.

Запускаем «Терминал» в Linux

Абсолютно каждый метод запуска «Терминала» в любом из дистрибутивов Linux не занимает много времени, а чаще всего выполняется буквально в несколько кликов. Сегодня в качестве примера мы рассмотрим Ubuntu. Если вы обладаете другой ОС, не беспокойтесь, поскольку почти нигде нет каких-либо различий, а если они и имеются, то самые минимальные, и о них мы обязательно расскажем в методах.

Способ 1: Стандартная комбинация клавиш

В Linux, как и во всех операционных системах, имеется ряд горячих клавиш, отвечающих за быстрый вызов определенных опций. Сюда входит и запуск установленной по умолчанию консоли. Однако некоторые пользователи могут столкнуться с тем, что стандартные комбинации по какой-то причине не работают или сбились. Тогда мы сначала советуем произвести следующие действия:

Откройте главное меню на панели задач и перейдите в раздел «Настройки».

Теперь вы знаете о том, как с помощью всего лишь одной комбинации запустить консоль. При этом будьте внимательны во время переназначения сочетаний, ведь некоторые сочетания уже заняты, о чем вы будете уведомлены. Таким способом вы можете открыть неограниченное количество новых окон классического «Терминала».

Способ 2: Утилита «Выполнить»

Способность применить этот метод зависит от установленного окружения. Практически во всех привычных графических оболочках он функционирует корректно, поэтому его обязательно следует попробовать. Принцип заключается в вызове утилиты «Выполнить», что производится зажатием комбинации Alt + F2.

В появившейся строке достаточно будет вписать gnome-terminal или konsole, что зависит от типа используемой оболочки.

После этого вы увидите, как сразу же отобразится новое окно «Терминала».

Недостаток этого метода заключается в том, что вам придется запоминать специальную команду или каждый раз копировать ее для вызова. Однако, как видите, ничего сложного в этом нет, поэтому уже буквально через пару вводов вы легко запомните необходимую фразу.

Способ 3: Контекстное меню директорий

Большинство графических оболочек имеют контекстное меню, которое вызывается путем нажатия ПКМ по свободному месту в любой директории. Одним из пунктов называется «Открыть в терминале» или «Открыть терминал». Именно это мы и рекомендуем использовать в качестве отдельного способа запуска консоли. Особенно актуально это в тех случаях, когда вы хотите запустить новую консоль в необходимом расположении.

Способ 4: Главное меню ОС

Строение практически всех окружений гарантирует наличие главного меню приложений, откуда можно запускать установленные и стандартные программы, включая консоль. Откройте главное меню удобным для вас образом и отыщите там «Терминал». Если просто найти его не получается, воспользуйтесь строкой поиска. Щелкните ЛКМ для запуска, и теперь вы можете смело приступать к вписыванию команд. Если потребуется создать новую сессию, вернитесь в главное меню и проделайте те же самые действия.

Способ 5: Виртуальная консоль

Этот вариант подойдет далеко не всем юзерам, поскольку он используется исключительно для перехода между виртуальными системными консолями. Дело в том, что при запуске операционной системы создается целых семь таких командных строк, последняя из них реализует графическую оболочку, поэтому пользователь видит только ее. При необходимости можно переключаться к другим терминалам, используя горячие клавиши Ctrl + Alt + F1/Ctrl + Alt + F6.

Для авторизации потребуется ввести сначала логин, а затем пароль. Учтите, что ключ суперпользователя не будет отображаться в целях безопасности, это уже вы должны знать, если хотя бы раз использовали команду sudo , которая запускает определенные действия от имени учетной записи с повышенными привилегиями.

Вы будете уведомлены о том, что авторизация в Ubuntu произведена успешно. Отобразится несколько важных строк, где имеется общее описание и ссылки на официальную документацию и страницы поддержи. Теперь можете использовать команды для управления консолью. По завершении введите exit, чтобы выйти, а затем переключитесь на графическую оболочку через Ctrl + Alt + F7 .

Уточним, что существует огромное количество вспомогательных команд, а также определенных особенностей, которые следует знать о виртуальных консолях. Ознакомиться с этой всей информацией мы рекомендуем, прочитав официальную документацию Ubuntu, воспользовавшись указанной ниже ссылкой.

Способ 6: Строка «Избранное»

Пользователи Windows предпочитают закреплять важные приложения на панели задач, чтобы в необходимый момент быстро их запускать. В графических оболочках Linux эта функция тоже реализована, но сама строка называется «Избранное». Если «Терминал» изначально там отсутствует, предлагаем добавить его следующим образом:

1. Откройте главное меню и отыщите там консоль. Кликните по ней правой кнопкой мыши.
2. В появившемся контекстном меню используйте строку «Добавить в избранное».
3. После этого вы увидите, что консоль была добавлена на соответствующую панель. При необходимости можно поместить туда сразу несколько значков.

Это были все возможные методы запуска стандартной консоли в Linux. Ознакомьтесь с инструкциями, чтобы подобрать оптимальный для себя вариант. Учтите, что если вы задействуете пользовательский терминал, установленный отдельно, метод открытия может быть другим. Обязательно читайте эту информацию в официальной документации.

What is a terminal and how do I open and use it?

The terminal is an interface in which you can type and execute text based commands.

Why use it:

It can be much faster to complete some tasks using a Terminal than with graphical applications and menus. Another benefit is allowing access to many more commands and scripts.

A common terminal task of installing an application can be achieved within a single command, compared to navigating through the Software Centre or Synaptic Manager.

For example the following would install Deluge bittorrent client:

To save a detailed list of files in the current directory tree to a file called listing.txt :

Sometimes you will also see the following notation:

This means that the command whoami is executed which gives calum as output. Following that command, ls is executed which outputs Downloads Documents .

A similar notation is:

This means that the command should be run as root, that is, using sudo :

Note that the # character is also used for comments.

How do I open a terminal:

Open the Dash (Super Key) or Applications and type terminal

Use the keyboard shortcut by pressing Ctrl + Alt + T .

For older or Ubuntu versions: (More Info)

Applications → Accessories → Terminal

Alternative names for the terminal:

• Console
• Shell
• Command line
• Command prompt

Common commands & Further information

• Ubuntu Documentation: Using The Terminal

A Terminal is your interface to the underlying operating system via a shell, usually bash. It is a command line.

Back in the day, a Terminal was a screen+keyboard that was connected to a server. Today, it is usally just a progam.

You can open it via the utilities part of the apllications menu, or press Alt + F2 and type gnome-terminal .

The terminal (also known as console) is an application in which you can execute commands directly. It looks like:

You can start the terminal from Applications -> Accessories -> Terminal.
If you’re not using Gnome, but KDE (Kubuntu), you would find it under: Kickoff menu -> Applications -> System -> Konsole.

The Ubuntu wiki has an article about the terminal which includes information on starting the terminal in Xubuntu and Lubuntu, and a basic overview of commonly used commands. It’s recommended for reading as it includes much examples as well.

A Terminal is a command interpreter. A Terminal is an entity that takes input from the user and deals with the computer rather than the user deal directly with the computer. If the user had to deal directly with the computer he would not get much done as the computer only understands strings of 1’s and 0’s

Example

When a person drives a car, that person doesn’t have to actually adjust every detail that goes along with making the engine run, or the electronic system controlling all of the engine timing and so on. The dashboard would also be considered part of the the Terminal since pertinent (Having logical precise relevance to the matter at hand) information relating to the user’s involvement in operating the car is displayed there. In fact any part of the car that the user has control of during operation of the car would be considered part of the Terminal.

Terminal is a program that allows the user to use the computer without him having to deal directly with it. It is in a sense a protective shell that prevents the user and computer from coming into contact with one another.