# Getting started with CSS
An external CSS stylesheet can be applied to any number of HTML documents by placing a <link> element in each HTML document.
The attribute rel of the <link> tag has to be set to "stylesheet" , and the href attribute to the relative or absolute path to the stylesheet. While using relative URL paths is generally considered good practice, absolute paths can be used, too. In HTML5 the type attribute can be omitted
It is recommended that the <link> tag be placed in the HTML file’s <head> tag so that the styles are loaded before the elements they style. Otherwise, users will see a flash of unstyled content
# Example
hello-world.html
style.css
Make sure you include the correct path to your CSS file in the href. If the CSS file is in the same folder as your HTML file then no path is required (like the example above) but if it’s saved in a folder, then specify it like this href="foldername/style.css" .
External stylesheets are considered the best way to handle your CSS. There’s a very simple reason for this: when you’re managing a site of, say, 100 pages, all controlled by a single stylesheet, and you want to change your link colors from blue to green, it’s a lot easier to make the change in your CSS file and let the changes "cascade" throughout all 100 pages than it is to go into 100 separate pages and make the same change 100 times. Again, if you want to completely change the look of your website, you only need to update this one file.
You can load as many CSS files in your HTML page as needed.
CSS rules are applied with some basic rules, and order does matter. For example, if you have a main.css file with some code in it:
All your paragraphs with the ‘green’ class will be written in light green, but you can override this with another .css file just by including it after main.css. You can have override.css with the following code follow main.css, for example:
Now all your paragraphs with the ‘green’ class will be written in darker green rather than light green.
Other principles apply, such as the ‘!important’ rule, specificity, and inheritance.
When someone first visits your website, their browser downloads the HTML of the current page plus the linked CSS file. Then when they navigate to another page, their browser only needs to download the HTML of that page; the CSS file is cached, so it does not need to be downloaded again. Since browsers cache the external stylesheet, your pages load faster.
# Internal Styles
CSS enclosed in <style></style> tags within an HTML document functions like an external stylesheet, except that it lives in the HTML document it styles instead of in a separate file, and therefore can only be applied to the document in which it lives. Note that this element must be inside the <head> element for HTML validation (though it will work in all current browsers if placed in body ).
# CSS @import rule (one of CSS at-rule)
The @import CSS at-rule is used to import style rules from other style sheets. These rules must precede all other types of rules, except @charset rules; as it is not a nested statement, @import cannot be used inside conditional group at-rules. @import
# How to use @import
You can use @import rule in following ways:
A. With internal style tag
B. With external stylesheet
The following line imports a CSS file named additional-styles.css in the root directory into the CSS file in which it appears:
Importing external CSS is also possible. A common use case are font files.
An optional second argument to @import rule is a list of media queries:
# Inline Styles
Use inline styles to apply styling to a specific element. Note that this is not optimal. Placing style rules in a <style> tag or external CSS file is encouraged in order to maintain a distinction between content and presentation.
Inline styles override any CSS in a <style> tag or external style sheet. While this can be useful in some circumstances, this fact more often than not reduces a project’s maintainability.
The styles in the following example apply directly to the elements to which they are attached.
Inline styles are generally the safest way to ensure rendering compatibility across various email clients, programs and devices, but can be time-consuming to write and a bit challenging to manage.
# Changing CSS with JavaScript
# Pure JavaScript
It’s possible to add, remove or change CSS property values with JavaScript through an element’s style property.
Note that style properties are named in lower camel case style. In the example you see that the css property font-family becomes fontFamily in javascript.
As an alternative to working directly on elements, you can create a <style> or <link> element in JavaScript and append it to the <body> or <head> of the HTML document.
# jQuery
Modifying CSS properties with jQuery is even simpler.
If you need to change more than one style rule:
jQuery includes two ways to change css rules that have hyphens in them (i.e. font-size ). You can put them in quotes or camel-case the style rule name.
# See also
# Styling Lists with CSS
There are three different properties for styling list-items: list-style-type , list-style-image , and list-style-position , which should be declared in that order. The default values are disc, outside, and none, respectively. Each property can be declared separately, or using the list-style shorthand property.
list-style-type defines the shape or type of bullet point used for each list-item.
Some of the acceptable values for list-style-type :
- disc
- circle
- square
- decimal
- lower-roman
- upper-roman
- none
(For an exhaustive list, see the W3C specification wiki
To use square bullet points for each list-item, for example, you would use the following property-value pair:
The list-style-image property determines whether the list-item icon is set with an image, and accepts a value of none or a URL that points to an image.
The list-style-position property defines where to position the list-item marker, and it accepts one of two values: "inside" or "outside".
# Remarks
Styles can be authored in several ways, allowing for varying degrees of reuse and scope when they are specified in a source HTML document. External stylesheets can be reused across HTML documents. Embedded stylesheets apply to the entire document in which they are specified. Inline styles apply only to the individual HTML element on which they are specified.
Как связать Html с Css?
Я никак не могу связать страницу с таблицей, созданной в CSS.
Полагаю, необходим обобщающий ответ, чтобы новички, пришедшие сюда за ответом, получили полную информацию с примерами.
Имеется 4 способа.
1. Встроенные стили
Подключение встроенных или inline стилей заключается в применении атрибута style к определённому тегу на странице. В этом случае значением атрибута является одно или несколько (через точку с запятой) свойств CSS с соответствующими значениями. Как правило, такой способ используется в тех случаях, когда надо изменить характеристики конкретного элемента на одной странице.
2. Внутренние стили
Внутренние стили указываются между тегами <head></head> и подключаются с помощью тега <style> . В этом случае CSS воздействует уже не на один элемент, а на все указанные в стилях элементы, которые имеются на данной странице. Обычно данный способ применяется, когда необходимо изменить стили сразу у нескольких одинаковых элементов в пределах одной HTML-страницы.
3. Внешние стили
Внешние стили подключаются отдельным файлом при помощи тега <link> . В этом случае все стили располагаются в обычном текстовом файле с расширением .css и влияют на элементы всех страниц, к которым этот файл подключается. Обычно создание стилей сайта начинается именно этим способом, так как только с его помощью ощущаются все плюсы CSS, ведь изменяя данные всего в одном файле можно управлять отображением сразу большого числа страниц. А уже в процессе работы над сайтом добавляются внутренние или встроенные стили, если это необходимо.
В первом блоке содержимое файла style.css , находящегося в папке style :
4. Через правило @import
Это правило служит для объединения нескольких таблиц стилей в одну. Чтобы правило @import правильно работало, оно обязательно должно указываться в самом начале таблицы стилей, единственное исключение — правило @charset .
How To Add CSS
When a browser reads a style sheet, it will format the HTML document according to the information in the style sheet.
Three Ways to Insert CSS
There are three ways of inserting a style sheet:
- External CSS
- Internal CSS
- Inline CSS
External CSS
With an external style sheet, you can change the look of an entire website by changing just one file!
Each HTML page must include a reference to the external style sheet file inside the <link> element, inside the head section.
Example
External styles are defined within the <link> element, inside the <head> section of an HTML page:
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
An external style sheet can be written in any text editor, and must be saved with a .css extension.
The external .css file should not contain any HTML tags.
Here is how the "mystyle.css" file looks:
"mystyle.css"
body <
background-color: lightblue;
>
h1 <
color: navy;
margin-left: 20px;
>
Note: Do not add a space between the property value (20) and the unit (px):
Incorrect (space): margin-left: 20 px;
Correct (no space): margin-left: 20px;
Internal CSS
An internal style sheet may be used if one single HTML page has a unique style.
The internal style is defined inside the <style> element, inside the head section.
Example
Internal styles are defined within the <style> element, inside the <head> section of an HTML page:
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
Inline CSS
An inline style may be used to apply a unique style for a single element.
To use inline styles, add the style attribute to the relevant element. The style attribute can contain any CSS property.
Example
Inline styles are defined within the "style" attribute of the relevant element:
<h1 style="color:blue;text-align:center;">This is a heading</h1>
<p style="color:red;">This is a paragraph.</p>
Tip: An inline style loses many of the advantages of a style sheet (by mixing content with presentation). Use this method sparingly.
Multiple Style Sheets
If some properties have been defined for the same selector (element) in different style sheets, the value from the last read style sheet will be used.
Assume that an external style sheet has the following style for the <h1> element:
Then, assume that an internal style sheet also has the following style for the <h1> element:
Example
If the internal style is defined after the link to the external style sheet, the <h1> elements will be "orange":
Example
However, if the internal style is defined before the link to the external style sheet, the <h1> elements will be "navy":
Cascading Order
What style will be used when there is more than one style specified for an HTML element?
All the styles in a page will "cascade" into a new "virtual" style sheet by the following rules, where number one has the highest priority:
- Inline style (inside an HTML element)
- External and internal style sheets (in the head section)
- Browser default
So, an inline style has the highest priority, and will override external and internal styles and browser defaults.
Ever heard about W3Schools Spaces? Here you can create your own website, or save code snippets for later use, for free.
How to Link CSS to HTML – Stylesheet File Linking
Kolade Chris
HTML is the markup language that helps you define the structure of a web page. CSS is the stylesheet language you use to make the structure presentable and nicely laid out.
To make the stylings you implement with CSS reflect in the HTML, you have to find a way to link the CSS to the HTML.
You can do the linking by writing inline CSS, internal CSS, or external CSS.
It is a best practice to keep your CSS separate from your HTML, so this article focuses on how you can link that external CSS to your HTML.
How to Link CSS to HTML
To link your CSS to your HTML, you have to use the link tag with some relevant attributes.
The link tag is a self-closing tag you should put at the head section of your HTML.
To link CSS to HTML with it, this is how you do it:
Place the link tag at the head section of your HTML as shown below:
Attributes of the Link Tag
The rel Attribute
rel is the relationship between the external file and the current file. For CSS, you use stylesheet . For example, rel=»stylesheet» .
The type Attribute
type is the type of the document you are linking to the HTML. For CSS, it is text/css . For example type=»text/css» .
The href Attribute
href stands for “hypertext reference”. You use it to specify the location of the CSS file and the file name. It is a clickable link, so you can also hold CTRL and click it to view the CSS file.
For example, href=»styles.css» if the CSS file is located in the same folder as the HTML file. Or href=»folder/styles.css» if the CSS file is located on another folder.
Final Thoughts
This article showed you how to properly link an external CSS file to HTML with the link tag and the necessary attributes.
We also took a look at what each of the attributes means, so you don’t just use them without knowing how they work.